In ecology, biotic and abiotic factors encompass all the living and non-living parts of an ecosystem. Biotic factors pertain to living organisms and their relationships. Abiotic factors are the ...

A large international research team has identified three key indicators that together summarize the integrative function of terrestrial ecosystems: 1. the capacity to maximize primary productivity, 2.

In this unit, focusing on MS-LS2-1, MS-LS2-3, students investigate matter and energy cycling through a vermicompost system and monitor the system using programmable sensor technologies. Students ...

In Yellowstone National Park — where gray wolves were reintroduced starting in 1995 — researchers have gone back and forth on whether the restoration of wolves has impacted the ecosystem. The idea is ...