Gasping for air (agonal breathing) is usually a sign that the heart is no longer circulating oxygenated blood. It’s often a brief and inadequate pattern of breathing. Overview Agonal breathing, or ...

Mitochondrial defects in gene expression have been implicated in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. We have now contrasted control brains with low pH versus high pH and showed ...

Apneustic breathing is a type of abnormal breathing pattern. It involves long, gasping inhalations and insufficient, irregular exhalations. It often stems from a brain injury but there may be other ...